Plea Bargaining - A Flaw in the Criminal Justice System in the United Essay

Supplication Bargaining - A Flaw in the Criminal Justice System in the United States - Essay Example This paper will talk about supplication dealing as a blemish in the criminal equity framework. Supplication bartering is characterized as a procedure whereby a litigant in a criminal case and the investigator arrive at a resolution (which is commonly good) to end the criminal case close by, subject to endorsement by the court. Effective request dealing lead to a supplication understanding between the litigant and the examiner, where the previous consents to be confess to the offense without a preliminary (Robert and Stuntz 24). Consequently, the examiner agrees to make positive proposals to the court or excuse explicit charges with respect to the case. Be that as it may, supplication dealing is considered as an imperfection in the criminal equity framework. Its faultfinders contend that it is an alternate way to equity, and in this way the fair treatment of the law may not be followed completely. Additionally, it is considered as a blemish in the criminal equity framework since it is regarded to be out of line to criminal respondents. This is on the grounds that the investigators will in general have such a great amount of intensity in choosing the charges that a respondent may confront (Hessick and Saujani 197). Likewise, since the examiners are assessed undeniably on their paces of conviction, request bartering may compel them to attempt no matter what to win the case. alternately, supplication dealing is an imperfection in the criminal equity framework since it is probably going to mellow punishment’s hindrance impact a s the respondent has a chance to can foresee lesser disciplines (Hessick, Andrew and Saujani 81-82). Source and Impact of Plea Bargaining Plea bartering is a basic piece of the United States’ criminal equity framework; really, larger part of the criminal cases in America are settled utilizing this implies rather by jury preliminary. Supplication haggling follows its starting point to the instance of Brady v. US in 1970 when the respondent (Robert Brady) attempted to adjust his request after he had consented to concede to abducting for a lesser sentence (Fisher 44). Brady’s move was propelled by the longing to evade capital punishment. Notwithstanding, after hearing the case, the Supreme Court decided that his supplication was real in light of the fact that had an alternative of rejecting the proposal by the investigator. Ensuing case likewise demonstrated that the Supreme Court affirmed the lawfulness of request dealing. On account of Santobello v New York in 1971, the lawfulness of request haggling was tested when the investigator was blamed by the respondent for breaking their supplication understanding by suggesting a discipline that was harsher than the one they had settled upon. The Supreme Court decided for the litigant; it contended that legitimate legitimacy of request dealing to be accomplished, the respondent and the investigator ought to hold fast to the supplication agreement’s te rms. This case set a trend that every request dealing must be affirmed by the court for it to be lawfully legitimate. From that point forward it has been settled in America’s criminal equity framework (Bibas 2471). Notwithstanding, a few examinations have indicated that it influences criminal equity framework by giving the investigator more prudence that may prompt injustice with respect to the respondent and by giving the litigant lesser discipline. The accompanying cases bring the blemish referenced above: Bordenkircher v. Hayes where the court affirmed out of line treatment of the case by the examiner; and in Marshall v. Barlow’s Inc where the litigant was conceded lesser discipline regardless of the gravity

International business Policy

Worldwide business Policy Worldwide BUSINESS POLICY Question: Doormen note that â€Å"firms, not singular country , contend in global market†. How does this announcement help to clarify a portion of the significant difficulties confronting MNEs? How do the determinants of national upper hand help clarify how organizations can keep up their monetary intensity? Answer: Global business is a trading merchandise and ventures , directed among people and organizations in different nations. Truly, universal business movement originally appeared as trading and bringing in. Sending out is the selling of item ,merchandise or administrations provided from ones own nation for use in different nations . Bringing in is the purchasing of items ,merchandise or administrations made in different nations for use in ones own nation. Trading and bringing exercises are frequently separated into two gatherings. to begin with, exchange merchandise ,that is, substantial item, for example, apparel, PCs , and crude materials. Second, Trade in administrations, that is ,impalpable items, for example, banking , travel and bookkeeping exercises http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/universal business.html Universal business movement can likewise take others structures . * Licensing * Franchising * Management contract * International business Authorizing is a legally binding game plan In which a firm in one nation licenses the utilization of its protected innovation for example licenses, trademark, brand name , copyrights or competitive innovations to a firm in a subsequent nation as a byproduct of an eminence installment Diversifying , a specific type of permitting ,happens when a firm in one nation approved a firm in a subsequent nation to use its working framework s just as its image name ,trademarks , and logos as an end-result of a sovereignty installment. For instance , McDonalds organization establishment its drive-thru eatery overall . A Management contract is a game plan wherein a firm is one nation consents to work offices or give other administration administrations to a firm in another nations for settled upon expenses. For instance inn enterprises. Universal business as any association that participates in a cross-outskirt business exchange with people ,private firms or open segment association A firm is a business organization of at least two man , particularly, when unincorporated. Additionally the name or assignment under which an organization executes business. Any business , sole ownership, association or an organization The term global business visionaries is utilized to recognize firms that have broad contribution in worldwide business. An another meaning of worldwide organization is a firm that â€Å"engaged in outside direct speculation a possesses and controls esteem including exercises in more than one country† MNEs by and large arrange their exercises from a focal central station yet may likewise permit their members or auxiliaries in remote markets significant scope in modifying their activity to nearby conditions. Some MNEs ,, for example, bookkeeping organization and Lloyds of London, are false company, Some authors recognize global companies and worldwide endeavors . Further , not revenue driven association, ,for example, the IOC and the International red cross , are false endeavors ,so the term global association can be utilized when one needs to allude to both for not revenue driven looking for association. On account of the regular utilization of global enterprise in the business press, anyway , Global ventures confronting a significant difficulties , Some of them are as under: †¢ Economics and Currency change †¢ Legal frameworks or Types of framework †¢ Culture †¢ Availability of assets †¢ Market withdrawal Government approach †¢ Political lawful condition and Government Power In a household business system, a solitary nation at a predetermined degree of Economic advancement in a focal point of the organizations pioneering endeavors. The whole nation is quite often sorted out as a solitary financial framework and has a similar cash. Making a business for a multicounty are implies managing contrasts in level of monetary turn of events, money valuation government guideline and banking, funding and advertising framework. Perhaps the most serious issue business people have is raising capital. The measure of private value capital speculation differs incredibly by the territory of the world, and the sum accessible is altogether less somewhere else than the assembled state. Also, the nations may utilize various monetary standards, constraining at any rate one gathering to change over its cash for another. So MNEs face cash trade issue. The legitimate frameworks may fluctuate or even be in perfect. In various nations utilized there own arrangement of business. In the same way as other such bargain framework or outsider course of action have been utilized to expand the measure of business movement of the previous U.S.S.R. furthermore, Eastern and focal European nations, just as different nations in different phases of advancement and change .The way of life may contrast and the assets may shift. Culture is envelops a wide assortment of components ,counting a language, social circumstance, religions ,political way of thinking, monetary way of thinking training, and habits and customs. The accessibility of assets ,For instance, one nation might be wealthy in common assets, yet poor in gifted work. Likewise for example U K, U S A , AND CANADA are all around created in innovatively than creating nations like Africa , India, Pakistan Still, the essential aptitudes and information should have been fruitful are commonly comparative whether one is working together locally or universally. Duty rivalry nations and now and again sub national areas must go up against one another for the foundation of MNEs encourages, and the ensuing Tax income an expense is a monetary charge upon an individual or legitimate element by a state with the end goal that inability to pay is deserving of law, business ,and financial movement. To contend, nations and local political regions here and there offer Incentives is an any monetary or non-money related factor that rouse a specific course of work to MNEs, for example, tax cuts, vows of government help or gleamed foundation and work principles requirement. Remote direct Investment Foreign direct speculation made with the end goal of effectively controlling property ,resources or organizations situated in have nations, for example, production lines, building, hardware, land and mines, grow up of outside direct venture can be utilized as one of progress of financial globalization. Guide beneath show net inflow of remote direct venture as a level of total national output. The large progressions of outside direct venture happens between the industrialized nations like, western Europe and Japan, North America. In any case, stream to non-industrialized nations are grows up forcefully. Market withdrawal-government arrangement Multinational ventures significantly affecting government approach due to its size, fundamentally through the danger of market withdrawal, for instance , so as to lessen medicinal services costs, a few nations have attempted to drive pharmaceutical organizations to permit their licensed medications to nearby contenders for an exceptionally low charge, so naturally bringing down the cost ,when confronted with the dangers global pharmaceutical firm have essentially pulled back from the market. Political-lawful condition the assortment of political and legitimate situations in the global market makes unfathomably extraordinary business issue, opening some market open doors for business people and dispensing with others. for instance , U S ecological measures have dispensed with the chance of business person building up dares to imports a few models of Europeans vehicles. It additionally includes the cost variances and critical increments in oil a nd other vitality items over the most recent couple of years. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation Determinants of country upper hands Michael Porter attempted to clarify why a country makes worldwide progress in a specific industry and recognized four properties that advance or hinder the formation of upper hand: Factor blessings Request conditions Relating and supporting businesses Firm technique, structure, and contention Factor blessings allude to a countries position in elements of creation important to contend in a given industry. A countries position in variables of creation can prompt upper hand. These components can be either fundamental (normal assets, atmosphere, area) or progressed .(talented work, framework, mechanical skill) Request conditions allude to the idea of home interest for the industrys item or administration. The idea of home interest for the industrys item or administration impacts the advancement of capacities. Advanced and requesting clients compel firms to be serious. Relating and supporting enterprises allude to the nearness or nonappearance of provider ventures and related businesses that are universally serious. The nearness provider ventures and related enterprises that are universally serious can overflow and add to different businesses. Fruitful ventures will in general be assembled in bunches in nations having world class makers of semi-conductor preparing gear can prompt (and be an aftereffect of having) a serious semi-conductor industry Firm methodology, structure, and contention alludes to the conditions administering how organizations are made, sorted out, and oversaw, and the idea of residential contention The conditions in the country overseeing how organizations are made, composed, and oversaw, and the idea of household contention impacts firm seriousness. Distinctive administration philosophies influence the improvement of national upper hand Incredible household competition makes weights to enhance, to improve quality, to diminish costs, and to put resources into overhauling advanc

How this Student Got Into All 8 Ivy Leagues - College Essay Advisors Admissions Essay Experts

How this Student Got Into All 8 Ivy Leagues - College Essay Advisors Admissions Essay Experts How this Student Got Into All 8 Ivy Leagues How this Student Got Into All 8 Ivy Leagues Yes, he’s done it. Martin Altenburg, a 17-year-old from Fargo, North Dakota has gained acceptance into every Ivy League plus a couple more schools for good measure. You might be asking yourself, “But don’t Ivy Leagues have some of the lowest acceptance rates in the country?” Yes, they do! But Altenburg figured out the not-so-secret method to increase his chances of wooing admission officers with the ever increasing number of essays each of these top-tier schools requires: he started his essays early and stuck to a schedule. We hate to say we told you so…but…   Mr. Altenburg spent three months preparing his applications and scouring the Internet for tools to improve his chances and find the perfect fit for his unique interests. I devoted one or two days to a school that had smaller, short-answer essays or only one essay. Then for schools like Caltech that have five prompts that are all fairly long responses, Id spend a week working on them. By the end of the process, I was able to recycle a lot of my essays or adapt them a bit for the colleges, he said. This strategy of starting with the longest essay prompts with the most easily recyclable subject matter is a smart one. Once you get those first few essays out of the way, writing the others isn’t so bad! This is why we at CEA encourage students to schedule brainstorming sessions for themselves and use the summer to get ahead on the admissions process. Altenburg said working on his essays took up the largest chunk of time in the application process and that he finished his Common Application essay in September. So don’t wait, get started on your college essay now! About Kat StubingView all posts by Kat Stubing »

Hate Crimes - 1203 Words

According to the 2011 Census, there are 1,054,945 Muslims and 468,670 Sikhs that live in Canada. The number of Muslims and Sikhs that live in Canada are rising every year and as the number rises so does the number of hate crimes, especially against people that represent their faith through articles of clothing. The views on these articles of clothing are split between every individual, everyone has different opinions about them. There is a lack of knowledge from the general population about why people choose to represent their faith. But whose voice has the authority on this matter of the situation? Which matters more public opinion or legislation? I argue that there is a disconnect between public actions and the legal sphere and†¦show more content†¦That people need to realize that there are alternative views and significance regarding the symbols of faith. The hijab and niqab are headscarves that are worn by Muslim women. The hijab is a veil covering worn by Muslim women to cover themselves within the public and it is to represent their faith the Islam while being modest (Litchmore, 2016). Another popular article of clothing that is in the Muslim community is the niqab which is like the hijab except the woman would cover their face as well, with the same purpose as the hijab. According to the Survey of Muslims in Canada 2016, over half of the Muslim population choose to wear some sort of headscarf. There are many reasons why Muslim women choose to wear the hijab or niqab, such as it represents their devotion to Islam. But most importantly it is a symbol of modesty for these women and is part of their identity. Sikhs also wear two significant articles of clothing, the kirpan, and the turban. A kirpan is a ceremonial sword that they carry around. While a turban is a scarf that wraps around their head. The kirpan is one of the five kakars, which are five articles of faith, and is a small dagger that translates as mercy and bless. A baptized Sikh is supposed to wear it always (Schwartz, 2011). Sikhs also wear a length of fabric around their heads, commonly known as the turban, which originated from theShow MoreRelatedHate Crime : Hate Crimes1454 Words   |  6 PagesHate Crimes Hate crimes, two small words with a very big meaning. Hate crimes are happening everywhere, some hit the news, some go into newspapers and others don’t even make it to the point of any social awareness at all. Hate crimes are a targeted attack, one that should not be taken lightly. While hate crime laws infringe on free speech rights, acts of hate should be criminalized because groups of hate crimes have had a huge impact on social behavior for a long period of time, hate crimes victimizeRead MoreHate Crimes Essay1417 Words   |  6 PagesCrimes I. Intro-What is a hate crime . A hate crime is when a person intentionally selects a victim because of the race, color, religion, national origin, ethnicity, gender or sexual orientation. A person who commits a hate crime can come from any background and be any race. The term hate crime is meant to differentiate criminal behavior that is caused by prejudice from behavior that is motivated by greed jealously, anger, politics and like. Hate groups differ from one another in terms of membershipRead MoreThe Issue Of Hate Crimes2025 Words   |  9 Pagesfacing in the world are hate crimes. Despite this being a major issues, there appears to be no solution in sight to put a stop to hate crimes. For this paper I chose to focus on hate crimes I can gain more knowledge about this topic and because it s something that I have personally experienced. Throughout U.S. history, a significant proportion of all murders, assaults, and acts of vandalism have been fueled by hatred. As Native Americans have been described as the f irst hate crime victims, members ofRead MoreEssay on hate crimes661 Words   |  3 Pages Defining Hate Crimes Hate crimes has become an increasing problem here in the united states ranging from racial hatred to gender discrimination but what are hate crimes? According to Dr. Jack McDevitt, a criminologist at Northeastern University in Boston Hate crimes are message crimes, Hate crimes are defined as crimes that are violent act against people, property, or organizations because of the group to which they belong or identify with. The coined term â€Å"hate crimes† was first used No matterRead MoreHate Crimes Essay936 Words   |  4 Pagesare the roots of the violence/hate crimes today in our contemporary society? What can we do to reduce them? Explain. The world is full of HATE. What is this word? What makes someone HATE someone else enough to kill or harm another human being? Hate crimes are criminal actions intended to harm or intimidate people because of their race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, or other minority group status. They are also referred to as bias crimes. Hate crimes have been going on in the worldRead MoreHate Crimes Laws And Hate Crime1543 Words   |  7 PagesHate Crimes What is a hate crime? Although the definition can vary based on what groups are included (Cogan, 2006, p. 174) the simplest definition would be, violence against a person or group of people based on their gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, race or disability (Burgess, Regehr, Roberts, 2013). Hate Crimes do not just effect the victim but also the community. Those who become victims of hate crime are not chosen at random, it is because of the group they identify with orRead MoreEssay on Hate Crime Analysis1420 Words   |  6 PagesHate Crime Analysis Kim Hull CJA/540 Criminological Theory October 13, 2011 Facilitator David Mailloux CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I  certify that  the attached  paper is my original work. I am familiar with, and acknowledge my responsibilities which are part of, the University of Phoenix Student Code of Academic Integrity. I affirm that any section of the paper which has been submitted previously is attributed and cited as such, and that this paper has not been submitted by anyone else.  I haveRead MoreHate Crimes, By Nelson Mandela1393 Words   |  6 PagesHate crimes consist of actions done against individuals or groups of people as a result of prejudice attitudes. These prejudices are based on race, religion, ethnicity or sexual orientation. Some crimes even go so far as to display actions against gender or physical and mental abilities (McDevitt, J., Levin, J., Bennett, S, 2002). As Nelson Mandela stated, a hateful attitude against others must be learned (Brainz, n.d.). Hate crimes are a learned attitude of prejudice against others because ofRead MoreThe Crime Of Hate Crimes1607 Words   |  7 P agesHate crimes are very common in today’s society, they can range from various ethnicities and orientations as well as the severity of the crime committed. A hate crime is defined as â€Å"the violence of intolerance and bigotry, intended to hurt and intimidate someone because of their race, ethnicity, national origin, religious, sexual orientation, or disability. The purveyors of hate use explosives, arson, weapons, vandalism, physical violence, and verbal threats of violence to instill fear in their victimsRead MoreReligion and Hate Crimes Essay2507 Words   |  11 PagesIn 2007, according to the Federal Bureau Investigation of the Nation’s law enforcement agencies â€Å"there were 9,535 victims of hate crimes; of these victims17.1 percent were victimized because of a bias against a religious belief which totaled to be 1,628 victims of an anti-religious hate crime† (1). Almost ten thousand people were victims of hate crimes alone in 2007. That is something to be alarmed about because part of living in the U.S.A as minority is to have freedom to do and be anything you

Understanding Delphi Project and Unit Source Files

In short, a Delphi project is just a collection of files that make up an application created by Delphi. DPR is the file extension used for the Delphi Project file format to store all the files related to the project. This includes other Delphi file types like Form files (DFMs) and Unit Source files (.PASs). Since its  quite common for Delphi applications to share code or previously customized forms, Delphi organizes applications into these project files. The project is made up of the visual interface along with the code that activates the interface. Each project can have multiple forms that let you build applications that have multiple windows. The code thats needed for a form is stored in the DFM file, which can also contain general source code information that can be shared by all the applications forms. A Delphi project cannot be compiled unless a Windows Resource file (RES) is used, which holds the programs icon and version information. It might also contain other resources too, like images, tables, cursors, etc. RES files are generated automatically by Delphi. Note: Files that end in the DPR file extension are also Digital InterPlot files used by the Bentley Digital InterPlot program, but they have nothing to do with Delphi projects. DPR Files The DPR file contains directories for building an application. This is normally a set of simple routines which open the main form and any other forms that are set to be opened automatically. It then starts the program by calling the Initialize, CreateForm, and Run methods of the global Application object. The global variable Application, of type TApplication, is in every Delphi Windows application. Application encapsulates your program as well as provides many functions that occur in the background of the software. For example, Application handles how you would call a help file from the menu of your program. DPROJ is another file format for Delphi Project files, but instead, stores project settings in the XML format. PAS Files The PAS file format is reserved for the Delphi Unit Source files. You can view the current projects source code through the Project View Source menu. Although you can read and edit the project file like you would any source code, in most cases, you will let Delphi maintain the DPR file. The main reason to view the project file is to see the units and forms that make up the project, as well as to see which form is specified as the applications main form. Another reason to work with the project file is when youre creating a DLL file rather than a standalone application. Or, if you need some startup code, such as a splash screen before the main form is created by Delphi. This is the default project file source code for a new application that has one form called Form1: program Project1;uses Forms, Unit1 in Unit1.pas {Form1};{$R *.RES}begin Application.Initialize; Application.CreateForm(TForm1, Form1) ; Application.Run; end. Below is an explanation of each of the PAS files components: program This keyword identifies this unit as a programs main source unit. You can see that the unit name, Project1, follows the program keyword. Delphi gives the project a default name until you save it as something different. When you run a project file from the IDE, Delphi uses the name of the Project file for the name of the EXE file that it creates. It reads the uses clause of the project file to determine which units are part of a project. {$R *.RES} The DPR file is linked to the PAS file with the compile directive {$R *.RES}. In this case, the asterisk represents the root of the PAS file name rather than any file. This compiler directive tells Delphi to include this projects resource file, like its icon image. begin and end The begin and end block is the main source code block for the project. Initialize Although Initialize is the first method called in the main source code, it isnt the first code thats executed in an application. The application first executes the initialization section of all the units used by the application. Application.CreateForm The Application.CreateForm statement loads the form specified in its argument. Delphi adds an Application.CreateForm statement to the project file for each form thats included. This codes job is to first allocate memory for the form. The statements are listed in the order that the forms are added to the project. This is the order that the forms will be created in memory at runtime. If you want to change this order, do not edit the project source code. Instead, use the Project Options menu. Application.Run The Application.Run statement starts the application. This instruction tells the pre-declared object called Application, to begin processing the events that occur during the run of a program. Example of Hiding the Main Form/Taskbar Button The Application objects ShowMainForm property determines whether or not a form will show at startup. The only condition for setting this property is that it has to be called before the Application.Run line. //Presume: Form1 is the MAIN FORM Application.CreateForm(TForm1, Form1) ; Application.ShowMainForm : False; Application.Run;

The Hidden Facts Regarding Long Argumentative Essay Topics Uncovered by an Old Pro

The Hidden Facts Regarding Long Argumentative Essay Topics Uncovered by an Old Pro You don't need to find super technical with legal argumentative essays, but make certain to do your homework on what the present laws about your preferred topic actually say. Therefore, the topic needs to be debatable! Pick the topic you're already knowledgeable about. Whether you cannot decide on topics for argumentative essay, don't understand how to begin, or simply require a good example of a well-structured paper in a particular format, we're always prepared to help! Remember your final grade significantly is contingent on the topic. To compose a strong argumentative essay, students should start by familiarizing themselves with a number of the common, and frequently conflicting, positions on the research topic so they can write an educated paper. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. It is a particular type of academic writing. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's important to at all times be critically contemplating the world around us. Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. But What About Long Argumentative Essay Topics? When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the most crucial issue to do is to select a topic and an argument which you can really get behind. The primary goal of topic choice for a proposal essay is to show the idea can be put into place in practice. In choosing your topic, it's frequently a good notion to start out with a subject which you already have some familiarity with. When you are requested to opt for a great topic for your argument, start with something you're familiarized with. The above-mentioned topic selection may give you a very clear comprehension of what things to write about. After you choose a topic, you should reply to the query and substantiate your response with three or more motivations as to why you think like that. You may see that the course of action is practically always the exact same. You have to discover good evidence to back up your ideas and examples to illustrate the evidence. Facts, Fiction and Long Argumentative Essay Topics Thanks to the correct selection of presentation style and a thorough understanding of the goals you wish to attain in your essay, there are plenty of categories essay themes may be broken into. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. Leading quality essays provide services in the area of academic write an essay about your life experience throughout the world order top-class services of on-line uk. Discover how to compose a great an d intriguing analysis essay or research paper on a movie known as an attractive mind. There are several steps that you should take so as to write an outstanding essay. When you've got a completed outline, you'll have a step-by-step guide that you are able to follow till you're done writing. In terms of the organization of the last essay, it's advisable to use a 5-paragraph structure. Thus, it's important to read corresponding formatting guide. Remember which you can make funny argumentative essays if you do a few things. There's no need in making a determination, which health problem or phenomena is more urgent right now or what's left in the shadows and should be enlightened at least in your essay. Preferably, it needs to be something that you're an expert in. The issue is that everybody's interpretation of what makes a great society differs. The second thing that you should take care of once you choose the title is to maintain in mind five kinds of argument claims. When you're picking your topic, bear in mind that it's much simpler to write about something which you currently have interest ineven in case you don't know a good deal about it. It is preferable to search online since it will save yourself a plenty of time. Second, talk what you shouldn't do instead of what has to be carried out. The Key to Successful Long Argumentative Essay Topics If you need to write your whole essay in 1 day, do your very best to give yourself breaks so you don't burn out. Our crew of professional writers with the essential experience and writing skills is always prepared to fulfill your demands and exceed your expectations. The last write-up ought to be concise with firm language. Yearly driving tests ought to be mandatory for the initial five years after obtaining a license.

Different Tools Of Pricing And Strategies Of Amazon †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Different Tools Of Pricing And Strategies Of Amazon. Answer: Introduction Amazon was founded in the year 1994 by the present visionary Jeff Bezos, he identified the lacunae in the practices of the e-commerce companies and clubbed it with his mission for an e-commerce company, and the result was Amazon. The company started off as an online bookseller, which soon gained popularity and is not selling almost anything to everything on its platform (Bhatt, Patel, Chheda Gawande, 2015). The company operates in more than 18 countries and ships product to over 160 countries. The company which employees over 5, 00, 00 people earned revenue of 138 Billion USD in the year 2016. Amazon is the largest e-commerce companies in the world and one of the most valued organizations across globe. The company has a customer-centric approach, which it resonates thorough its business process, policies and procedures to pass on the maximum benefit to its customers (Jain, Madan Singh, 2016). A number of e-commerce companies emerged as the result of Amazon success, hence Amazon realized if it has to sustain its business model; it has to adopt some differentiation strategy to stay ahead of its competition. The company came up with cost based leadership as one of its differentiated strategy (Stadler, 2017). The purpose of the assignment here is to discuss the different tools of pricing and various strategies one can adopt to leverage the pricing to gain a competitive edge in the market. In brief themarketing mix of Amazon will be discussed to fulfil the objectives of the assignment. Marketing Mix Marketingmix is a set of action or tactics undertaken by a company to promote its brand or product in the consumer market. Organization use 4P/7P of marketing to decide on the future strategic goals of the organization Product Amazon has millions of products listed on its website and its product line is extensively segregated into various categories for easy user navigation. Some of its product line include: Kindle Books DVD Consumer electronics Consumer durables Jewellery Home furnishing Lifestyle products Alexa Firefly(Babin Zikmund, 2015) Price The pricing strategy of the company differs from market to market. For example for Price sensitive markets like India, the company offers products at lowest price, and in certain other markets the strategy of the company is competitive. Thus, the strategy for Amazon is Go global and think local (Chauhan, 2015) Place Amazon is recently foraying into opening of offline stores, go stores was first of its kind store in Seattle. However, its prime revenue generator still is the online model(Strauss, 2016) Promotion The company uses both offline and online tools for the penetration of its marketing campaign. The company designs great promotional campaign and uses a great mix of traditional and web marketing to promote the brand and the product(Jackson Ahuja, 2016) Physical Evidence Amazon has always maintained high degree of physical evidence through its brand logo, product packaging and the material. Amazon has a high brand recall due to its logo, which ensembles that it covers all the products with the initials A-z More so; the packaging of Amazon product is a physical evidence of its consumers. People The team at Amazon creates processes keeping in mind the customers at the focus. They always believe in focussing on people and are a customer centric firm. The company also believes in taking good care of its employees and goes with the philosophy that If you take care of your employees, they will take care of your shareholders Process Amazon has a great customer support which serves all the 180 countries where its product is shipped. The company has been appreciated by its customers for creating processes which benefits the customers the most. Pricing Pricing is one of the most -mix of marketing which has the ability to write the success or failure strategy of the company, hence organization pay great attention towards the pricing its set for its product or services. There are multiple reasons for the success of Amazon; its business models, its business process and policies, its marketing strategies, its operations, logistics and its leadership, another factor which contributes towards its success is its pricing strategy (Nagle, Hogan Zale, 2016). Amazon knew from the start that in order to sell online and make people readily come to their platform, they would definitely have to come up with cost leadership for its customers. Pricing models Good pricing helps to determine the price to sell the good and services in order to maximize the profit from sales. A lot of companies go with volume sales and keep the profit margin less, this way they are able to earn more profits securing the fate of the organization. Amazon uses this strategy brilliantly, in any of its markets, the prices of Amazon products is lower than any of its competitors. Also to add, despite selling at such low cost the company is able to make profits and even spends a big fortune on its marketing. Some of the pricing models which should be understood in detail to understand how organizations decide on the pricing of the products: Premium Pricing In premium pricing business sets the costs higher than their competitors, this type of pricing is suitable for small businesses that operates in a niche market and can ask higher price for providing premium products. Another rationale for charging premium price for the product is because of the value based pricing (Liu Gu, 2016). Business has two strategies to set a price, one is cost based and the other is value based. In cost based, the price of the product is determined by taking into consideration al the cost centres, in value based pricing, the price is calculated according to the perceived value of the product. Ensuring that the customer purchase the product at a premium pricing is not easy, the organization has to ensure the following steps to secure the same: Product packaging, designing and the look and feel should be attractive and really attract the customer (Armstrong, Kotler, Harker Brennan, 2015). The marketing of the product has to be in sync with the premium pricing(Choi, 2017) Store dcor should complement the premium pricing (Keller, 2017). Bundle Pricing Bundle pricing is the strategy which a lot of businesses are doing in the present day; they combine more than one product and sell it as a bundle to the customers. The biggest advantage of the the bundle pricing is that customer receives two products at relatively lower price (Hallberg, 2017). In the case, where customer buys a product alone, the price is high, but with bundle the price is lower. Bundle pricing is more effective for companies which offer complementary products, for example; Gillette selling Razor with blades. Another advantage of bundle pricing is that the company is able to move quickly the products which are selling slow and are occupying shelf space (Arthur, 2018). Psychological Pricing Psychological pricing directly affects the emotions of a human; this type of pricing is directly targeted towards human emotions. It pushes employees to respond to emotional levels rather than the logical levels. A lot of products are of these particular reasons priced at $ 199, 299 and many more; it also has a logical explanation attached to it. Consumers focus on the first number rather than the second, hence to make the pricing look attractive and gaze the attention of the customers company uses this pricing strategy (Liu Yang, 2016). Price Skimming Price skimming is one of the most popular pricing strategies used by the company. Companies in order to make high profits on products, keep the price of products high in the initial phase of introduction, thus skimming the market with profits. This strategy is done to ensure collection of maximum revenues or profits in the very early stage of the product cycles. Multiplex uses this strategy to skim easy profits in the initial days and then reduce the price for maximum penetration. This strategy helps the companies to skim maximum profit from the early adopters and then reduce the price for the price sensitive consumers. This strategy is a refined version of premium pricing strategy, wherein the company charges premium, but here, the premium is charged to make money from early adopters and then the price is reduced to penetrate the market. Economy Pricing As the name suggests, this type of pricing is used to attract the most price conscious customer segment. The product category mostly include grocery, food suppliers and discount retailers, This strategy helps in minimizing the cost of production and marketing in order to keep the prices of the products down., they aim to achieve the economies of scale with this strategy. Wal-Mart, Target Tesco are some of the examples of the organization using this strategy. Market Penetration Pricing This is the strategy which Amazon used by following the cost leadership; in this strategy organization keeps the cost of the products extremely low to drive huge sales. The company is well aware of the losses it will make during the initial days, but as the product awareness in the market grows, more and more people start buying the product, thus increasing sales in volumes for the company. Once the product is known to a large number of audiences, they tweak the price by a small margin, which is hardly noticed by the customers, thus making more profits. Penetration pricing has proven to be very successful marketing strategies in almost all the markets and mostly in the price sensitive markets like the Asian economy Cost Based Pricing This is one of the easiest and simplest ways to calculate the price of the product. In this type of pricing, the individual cost of the product ingredient is included and at the end, a small mark-up is added to determine the price. A lot of manufacturing companies use this kind of pricing. It is further differentiated into 2 models, cost based pricing and cost plus pricing. In cost based pricing, variable and fixed price is included and a % mark-up is added to it. In direct cost pricing there is a mark-up on the variable cost. These are in comprehension all the pricing models any organization can use to stay competitive in the industry. Every organization has its own strategy to determine the price and its strategies towards occupying a larger market share, thus they come up with their own pricing, keeping in mind the target audience and the product. Amazon- Pricing Strategy as the USP At Amazon 20% of the traffic is driven from the websites which compares the prices of different products being sold on different websites, hence Amazon has to see to it that their algorithm uses Artificial intelligence to have knowledge of such sites. 80-90 of the online audience are surfing the internet to hunt for the best deals at the lost price, Amazon uses algorithm for such audience and shows them lowest price in comparison to its competitors. The company uses cost leadership strategy and ensures that its products are priced at the lowest in comparison to other competitors. Although, Amazon tries to even differentiate its offering by tweaking its algorithm to improve the customer experience, easy surfing, and curated deals for the customers, the price still plays a very crucial role. Thus the company keeps a regular check on the prices of its competitors and it prices its product either at the same rate or at a relatively lower price. Conclusion Pricing is one of the most important elements of the marketing mix, which helps in identifying the action or the tactics company has to take to create a brand name in the market or to create product awareness. Amazon which was founded in the market is extremely successful because of its unique cost leadership strategy; the company focuses on volume business and thus keeps the price low, and still makes a profit on the products being sold at its website. This pricing strategy works best in price sensitive market, more so in the e-commerce category, pulling the customer on the website is a difficult task, thus using pricing as the focus point for the customers, product penetration is achieved. Penetration pricing, Skimming, Economy pricing, cost based pricing are some of the pricing strategies used by the companies across the globe. References Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M., Brennan, R. (2015).Marketing: an introduction.New York: Pearson Education. Arthur, W. B. (2018). Asset pricing under endogenous expectations in an artificial stock market. InThe economy as an evolving complex system II(pp. 31-60). CRC Press. Babin, B. J., Zikmund, W. G. (2015).Exploring marketing research. Boston: Cengage Learning. Bhatt, A., Patel, A., Chheda, H., Gawande, K. (2015). Amazon Review Classification and Sentiment Analysis.International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies,6(6), 5107-5110. Chauhan, P. (2015). A Comparative study on consumer Preferences towards online retail marketers-with special reference to Flipkart, Jabong, Amazon, Snapdeal Myntra and fashion and you.IJAR,1(10), 1021-1026. Choi, S. C. (2017). Defensive strategy against a private label: Building brand premium for retailer cooperation.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,34, 335-339. Hallberg, N. L. (2017). The micro-foundations of pricing strategy in industrial markets: A case study in the European packaging industry.Journal of Business Research,76, 179-188. Jackson, G., Ahuja, V. (2016). Dawn of the digital age and the evolution of the marketing mix.Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice,17(3), 170-186. Jain, E., Madan, M., Singh, S. (2016). Impact of Value Creation on Stock Prices: A Study of Amazon. Com, Inc.Middle East Journal of Business,55(3035), 1-9. Keller, K. L. (2017). Managing the growth tradeoff: Challenges and opportunities in luxury branding. InAdvances in Luxury Brand Management(pp. 179-198). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. LIU, X., GU, L. (2016). The Study of Pricing Strategy in Online-offline Channel Based on the Consumer's Switching Behavior.Journal of Management,2, 009. Liu, Y., Yang, R. (2016, May). The choice of manufacturer's online customization channel under different pricing models. InControl and Decision Conference (CCDC), 2016 Chinese(pp. 2435-2440). IEEE. Nagle, T. T., Hogan, J., Zale, J. (2016).The Strategy and Tactics of Pricing: New International Edition. Abingdon: Routledge. Stadler, D. (2017). AMAZON CASE STUDY DRIVING CUSTOMER EQUITY.Proceedings of MAC 2017, 276. Strauss, J. (2016).E-marketing.Abingdon: Routledge.

Management Risks Identifying and Their Analysis

Introduction Risk Management involves a systematic way of context establishment, identification, analysis, monitoring as well as communication of any risks that could be associated with processes, functions or activities. It minimizes an organization’s losses while at the same time maximizing its opportunities. It helps in identifying opportunities and mitigating the losses. In event management, each part has its own potential risks.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Management: Risks Identifying and Their Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In order to manage any event effectively, risk management is necessary. There seems to be an increase in the number of events being carried out around the world and governments and other stakeholders are taking it upon themselves to adopt the appropriate risk management measures. Early preparations and putting the necessary risk management measures in advance seem s to be a signifier of competence and professionalism while inadequate preparation is a sign of incompetence (Aaker 1987, p. 44). With the increase in the size and number of events across the globe, risks have equally increased and they have even become more complex. Any shortfall at an event is usually captured immediately by the media and it could result to a negative public image Risks and Consequences Risks Identified and Their Analysis In the case study of the Battle of Trafalgar’s anniversary, there are several risks which the event was prone to. The anniversary was prone to administration risks given that there were various stakeholders involved in the preparation of the event. There were different contracts taken and various goods were supposed to be purchased for the anniversary and different services needed to be hired. All these implied that contracts were to be secured on time, goods, and other facilities bought at the right time and using the right procedures. Li censes and permits for instance had to be secured in time. They play a big role in accountability and transparency. The relevant authorities were supposed to be informed and permission for the event granted. They also help to minimize fraud and hence saving the management the losses that would occur. Service providers, the suppliers and other participants were supposed to carry out their activities in a particular way. Control measures were elaborate with the suppliers and other participants being required to go through all the required procedures. The other risks would come from the Public relation/marketing sector. It is common for the promoters of such an event to ignore the consequences of their promotional activities and just focus on optimism. This would be dangerous as they might not take the appropriate risk management measures and the effects might be catastrophic.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There was therefore a need to control the marketing and promotional activities balance between the promotion and the potential risks associated with it. It might also occur that a lot of funds might me channeled towards promotional activities hence causing budget deficits. Over promotion and marketing of the event would most likely have resulted to excessive attendance as more people were likely to attend than actually budgeted for and the end result would be a strained budget hence leading to budget deficits. The event was supposed to be celebrated with a difference as other nations were involved as well. The implication for this was that the number of attendants was supposed to increase. This would mean that the budget for the event needed to be raised. The other risk that the event was prone to is that relating to the health and safety. This requires extra attention in the risk management process. The risk management strategy in this case involves plans to prevent loss and take the appropriate safety control measures. The hygiene of the venue for the anniversary was supposed to be improved given that the event was supposed to have so many participants. Health induction measures were supposed to be taught to the workers and suppliers who would otherwise run their own activities without any formal instructions from other practitioners (Barton 1988). The anniversary was meant to involve several events on land, sea and the air, by the military. The appropriate mechanisms were therefore supposed to be adapted to ensure the safety of those participating in these events as well as the spectators. The event was also involving vessels that were nuclear powered. Safety measures this would pose very serious health risk in the case of a leakage of nuclear emissions from such vessels or even in the event of an accidental explosion. This therefore meant that the appropriate safety measures were supposed to be adopted and the relevant prac titioners involved while dealing with such an emergency. The event was also prone to security risks. An effective risk management strategy was supposed to be employed so as to ensure that the place is secured. Among the invited were dignitaries from the close allies of the country with Queen Elizabeth II as the guest of honor. This meant that the security risks would be higher. Appropriate security measures were therefore supposed to be adopted. On-the-ground safety officers proved to be of a great importance in such a case. The ceremony was supposed to commemorate those who died in the battle with very symbolic representations. There was a likelihood of such an event being prone to confusion due to the multiple tasks and activities that were going to take place.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Management: Risks Identifying and Their Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This implied that the activities wer e supposed to be appropriately structured and ensure that there is order in every part of the ceremony with every activity allocated its own time (Abbey 1983). Given that the many people were expected to attend the ceremony with several dignitaries as well, the venue was supposed to be chosen carefully in order to carter for the many attendants. The standard of the venue was also not supposed to be compromised. The event was supposed to pose several logistical coupled with planning challenges. Controlling the large crowds was not going to be anything easy. Vessels were to be transported from various places to the venue of the event and anchored safely and securely at the same time. This would be an expensive endeavor. The weather would easily inconvenience such an event. Appropriate measures would therefore be needed so as to tackle any climatic challenges. In the event of rain for instance, provisional shelters would be needed. Provisional or extra toilets would also be required so as to carter for the multitude of attendants. Importance of the human side of risk management Risk management is very important due to various reasons. The planning and the hardworking that is channeled towards risk management are never in vain. The planning makes it possible for a variety of events to be carried out in a systematic manner and this leads to the satisfaction of the public as well as the guests as it was in the case of the battle anniversary. It also results in maximum attendance of those invited and other participants, given the fact that the event is marketed appropriately. Appropriate risk management also results in the strengthening of relationships and making of new ones. In the case study of the anniversary of the Trafalgar battle for instance, Britain invited representatives of its allies and other nations as well, some of which were its former foes like Spain and France. Human Side of Risk Management is also vital in boosting an organization’s, countri es or the event manager’s image due to the high media profile of that particular event. A successful event is usually perceived as a sign of professionalism. Different stakeholders are in a position to achieve their intended personal objectives and each stakeholder will tend to be satisfied with the outcomes as it was in the case of the anniversary (Carlson 1999, p. 55). In the case of a country, a success in an event may boost the country’s profile and this would result in increased tourism within that region and hence earning the country the much desired foreign exchange.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This kind of Risk management also minimizes incidences of risks accidents or injuries. The relevant medical practitioners are consulted and if possible invited so as to deal with any incidences of injuries or accidents during the event. First Aid equipment may also be availed so as to deal with injuries and accidents before the appropriate medical assistance is given to the victims. Risk management during the anniversary for instance helped in preventing major casualties. It reduces the strain that could be directed towards the health and emergency services within that area. The cost of the health and emergency services is usually included in the event’s budget hence no need to strain local facilities that may even not be in a position to carter for all the people in the event of an extensive disaster. This was the case during the preparation for the event. It ensures that safety is considered right before the event hence saving money, resources, time and it also saves people from grief as appropriate measures are taken in advance so as to deal with any potential issue that could emerge. Through risk management, the appropriate safety coordinator is appointed depending on the size of the event (Cataldo 2003, p. 43). He/she is the one that spearheads the safety agenda, the bigger the event, the greater the need to have more specialized personnel. Risk management helps in eliminating the stressful and expensive last minute rush by helping the people to plan ahead. This kind of Risk Management also helps in vetting the service providers and it helps in downsizing the workforce yet ensuring that the quality of the desired results is not compromised. In the case of the T200 anniversary for instance, the specialist’s activities had to be coordinated, various specialists were needed although their activities were supposed to be filtered and also coordinated. The contractors were vetted, their taskforce downsized and their activities closely monitored. T his help in the efficiency. The risk management helps in ensuring extensive consultation with the stake holders. The relevant civil authorities are consulted within time and hence help in the identification of shared objectives through effective communication. The process also helps in developing a robust command structure which enhances effective communication and hence the capability to link up with other sources of help from the outside. With a good command structure, the decision making process usually becomes simplified (Davila 2004, p. 200). It helps in ensuring that the relevant staff is involved at all levels hence ensuring effectiveness and efficiency (Nutt 1986). It helps to ensure that all the possible risks are put into consideration without concentrating on bigger ones and ignoring the smaller ones which are even more likely to happen than the bigger risks. Other Risks and Their Effect to the Safety The administrative, marketing and financial areas were also prone to ce rtain risks that could easily trickle into the safety of the event a good example being fraud. Given that the whole process involved various stakeholders, issues of fraud could be eminent in the whole process. Some of those put in leadership and supervisory positions may for instance involve themselves in fraud dealings like awarding tenders to unqualified suppliers so as to get some financial benefits from the same. This would compromise the safety of the event as some of the safety equipment bought may be of law standard hence putting the participants at a great risk. The event was also prone to misrepresentation by promoting or marketing it excessively. Over promoting the event could have resulted in the number of attendants exceeding that budgeted for hence causing a strain to the finances allocated for the event. The promotion also requires a lot of resource allocation for its activities. Excessive promotion of that event could have resulted to the attraction of many people wit h different motives some of which could be terrorist attacks or disruption hence jeopardizing the safety and security of the whole event. This would in the end result event’s objectives not being fulfilled. Through risk management, such problems were meant to be spotted and appropriate measures taken to avoid any inconveniences caused by such risks. The general excitement of the people coupled by the large number of attendants and equipment could as well have been causes of potential hazards and the appropriate measures were to taken to prevent such risks. The food and sanitation at the event was also very vital given that such an event with numerous people was prone to venders selling unhygienic foodstuffs. This might be a potential health hazard. There was therefore need to ensure that foodstuffs that are not hygienic are not allowed at the event (Davis 1949, p. 333). The toilets and latrines needed to be hygienic and able to accommodate the large number of attendants. The event was also likely to witness noise pollution due to the large number of attendants. Measures were therefore supposed to be taken so us to minimize the problem. The financial area was also likely to witness some irregularities particularly at several cash points which could be potential attractions for thieves, robbers or fraudsters who may want to benefit from the cash being collected. There was therefore a great need to beef up the security of such points, putting trustworthy and accountable people at the place. Table Top Excises and Scenarios in Risk Prevention Risk management is effective when it is accompanied by transparency and accountability so as to fulfill the desired objectives. In the current risk management process, all the activities and endeavors are made formal so as to enhance the transparency and accountability. The risk management process must be seen working throughout the process (Fennell 1984). In the case of the T200 anniversary risk management process for instance, the process was involved a lot of documentation and verification. Service providers were supposed to verify that they were in position to offer services of the required standard. Even contractors were vetted to ensure that they meet the set standards. Such transparency and formality helps in reducing cases of fraud and ensuring that only qualified personnel are selected for the appropriate tasks in the risk management process. The screening of contractors and other service providers help in ensuring provision of quality services and acquisition of quality equipment as well. There are several scenarios, which can be used in the prediction and avoidance of risks. Some risks usually context dependant and they are only unique to certain events. After such a risk has been well understood, the appropriate action is decided upon so as to mitigate it. Given that the occasion was supposed to involve people from different nationalities and in large numbers, there could be a potentia l terrorist attack. This is also owed to the fact that terrorist activities are usually eminent in populated areas and surprisingly most of them are usually aimed at western countries (Kelman 1989, p.100). The security was therefore supposed to be beefed up and using weapon detectors at the entrances to the venue of the event. In such an event with various parties from different countries, there could be conflicting interests, which if not well handled could lead to confusion and dispute. The end result could be disagreement and disruption of the flow of events during the occasion. The objectives of the event might then not be met given that most of the time would be used in unending arguments. There was a need therefore to employ a conflict resolution taskforce to be on the standby and come in when such a situation arises. The issue of the Master of ceremony (MC) is also crucial in such gatherings. A Master of Ceremony who might be inexperienced, impolite, illiterate, untidy, and e xcessively dominant could be a disaster in such a gathering (Ferlie 2005, p. 99). There have been some cases where the Master of Ceremony fails to turn up hence leading to confusion in the event. In such a case, the appropriate persons should be consulted on time and screened to ensure that they can perform. There needs to be several qualified M.C.s so that in the event that one fails to turn up or fails to meet the expectations then, the other one should be able to take over. Such an event is also prone to problems of fund collection. The fund collection activity is likely to be prone to fraud and cases of theft. There is therefore a great need to put an effective fund collection procedure which can be effectively accounted for. Only trustworthy staff members should be put in charge of the whole activity. The collection point should also be staffed with the relevant security personnel so as to tackle the cases of burglary. Given that such an event involves very many attendants, it might not be easy to approximate the number of attendants. It is possible for the number of attendants to supersede the approximated number hence causing a strain to the budget. A deficit in the budget may be a hindrance to some of the events activities being carried out. Prevention and Contingency Plan A Possible major risk in this event would be that of a fatal accident. A plan that is detailed and contingent needed to be developed so as to deal with the same.Using the SWOT analysis, the risk of a fatal accident could be curtailed using the appropriate measures. The SWOT Analysis The SWOT analysis could be very relevant in dealing with the possibility of a fatal accident. In this kind of analysis, several aspects are analyzed in relation to the possibility a fatal accident occurring. The strategy aims at looking at the Strengths, the Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats that could emerge in the process while trying to mitigate the possible risks of the event. Strengths The some o f the strengths would include the availability of the right personnel to deal with the possibility of a fatal accident, availability of high quality equipment that would be of great help in dealing with the possibility of such an accident and the following of the right procedures in mitigating the problem. The venue was also strategically placed for ease in mitigation. Weaknesses Some of the possible weaknesses would be the negative publicity of the event by the media, particularly those of the countries that are Britain’s adversaries hence increasing the possibility of a terror attack. The event is other weakness would be fraud particularly in the acquisition of the required equipment and tendering which would lead to poor quality services and equipment. The excessive promotion of the event could be another weakness with its own disadvantages. Opportunity Some of the opportunities available include advancement in technological innovations and their inclusion in making the ev ent a success. The other opportunity includes the possibility of increasing the number of the countries allies hence making the event more successful especially in the provision of first aid services and equipment as well as services. Threats Some of the possible threats for the event would include the possibility of terror attacks. Given that the event was over marketed, the event was likely to witness an excess in the number of attendants and in the event of a fatal accident, the number of casualties would be more than that planned for hence causing a strain on the budget as well as the medical facilities and services available. The table below gives a SWOT analysis for the event Identified risk likelihood Consequences Level of risk Prevention By whom Contingency Administrative Moderate Moderate considerable Involving relevant authorities Administrative personnel Training of staff Public relations and marketing potential catastrophic considerable Controlled marketing Promo ters and marketers Increased budgetary allocation Health and security Most likely catastrophic High Employing on the ground officers Security personnel Train security and health personnel Logistical Mist likely catastrophic High Not compromising g o standards Logistical personnel Choosing the venue carefully There needed to be a comprehensive plan or workable alternatives to be integrated in prevention or minimization of the possible risks that would occur. This comes after risk analysis. The appropriate contingency plan containing the appropriate response to the risk’s impact would involve procedures of decision making, an effective chain of command as well as coupled with appropriate cause of action. There was supposed to be effectiveness in the decision making and organization of the event. Control needed to be exercised on the people, the transport system both for the public and air space. The service providers needed to be qualified and the services and other supp liers were supposed to meet the set standards. Tendering and contracting processes demanded that the contactors produce not only the health but also the safety plan. These issues were dealt with in advance. The tasks to be handled were enormous and complex. The safety personnel on the ground were supposed to ensure the safety of the participants, guests and spectators and their coordination was very vital. Cooperation between the local authorities and the relevant international practitioners was very vital in ensuring the safety and success of the whole event. The planning was carried out at all levels and the relevant staff and contractors were involved at these levels. Potential risks like typhoons, and terror attacks were planned for in advance (Baum 2001:88). A safety-working group was supposed to be established so as to coordinate the health and safety issues. Specialists from particular subject areas were involved in the task and they were from various disciplines. This enhanc ed the division of labor as every group concentrated on its own activities. The safety working group enhanced the coordination of the planning group as they enabled the exchange of ideas to be easy. The group enhanced a relaxed working environment. They briefed the major staff members on various aspects of their duties and did the analysis evaluation of the respective groups. Recommendations Such an event poses a big threat not only to the participants and attendants but also to the entire nation. As such, several recommendations should be considered for future events. Planning for such kind of an event should involve top security personnel both at the local and international level. Thus will help detect and counter potential threats. A rehearsal should be done well in time to allow the planners enough time to incorporate necessary changes. Planning for the even should star well in advance and should incorporate a thorough training of all personnel involved in the execution process. Training should also involve training the planers themselves. Recruitment of personnel is a crucial matter. For such a magnanimous event, the planners should consider recruiting people who have been involved in planning and execution of big pubic events. Marketing should be controlled in such a way that it would be possible to arrive at a rough estimate on the number of people that might attend and thus avoid budget constrains in the event of an over attendance. Reference List Aaker, D. A., Jacobson, R., 1987.  The role of risk in explaining differences in profitability. The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 277-296. Abbey, A., Dickson, J. W., 1983.  RD work climate and innovation in semiconductors. The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 362-368. Barton, S. L., 1988.  Diversification strategy and systematic risk: Another look. The  Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 166-175. Baum, J. R., Locke, E. A., Smith, K. G., 2001.   A multidimensional model of venture growth. The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 292-303. Carlson, N. F., 1999. Global risk management. Strategic Finance (August): 34-37. Cataldo, A. J., Killough, L. N., 2003. Is your firm safe from cybersmear?  Strategic Finance, pp. 34-38. Davila, T., Epstein, M. J., Matusik, S. F., 2004. Innovation strategy and the use of performance measures. Advances in Management Accounting, Vol. 13, pp.   27-58. Davis, J. L.,1949. Cost index method for determining insurable values. N.A.C.A.  Bulletin (December): 470. Fennell, M. L., 1984. Synergy, influence, and information in the adoption of administrative innovations. The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 113- 129. Ferlie, E., Fitzgerald, L., Wood, M., Hawkins, C., 2005. The nonspread of innovations: The mediating role of professionals. The Academy of  Management Journal Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 117-134. Guay, W. R., 1999. The impact of derivatives on firm risk: A n empirical examination of new derivative users. Journal of Accounting and Economics  pp. 319-351. Kelman, H. C., 1989, Crimes of Obedience: Toward a Social Psychology of  Authority and Responsibility. New Haven: Yale University Press. Nutt, P. C., 1986.  Tactics of implementation. The Academy of Management Journal  Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 230-261. This report on Management: Risks Identifying and Their Analysis was written and submitted by user Caitlyn N. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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Incremental analysis + decision making - Essay Example According to the article, the company has decided to focus on the key geographical areas such as Canada where it has brand recognition. This is a desperate move for the company to help get customers to jump-start its handset business (Rao et al 2008). The report aims at establishing key internal factors as well as external factors that are likely to pose the strongest impact on the course of actions of Blackberry Ltd. It then provides a recommendation based on the SWOT and PESTEL analyses and central issues in the article. The company is likely to succeed in the Canadian market because it has positioned itself well. It has targeted a market for which it still strong brand recognition (Ligaya, 2014). The relatively friendly political climate in Canada and other surrounding North American countries have helped the Smartphone industry to flourish (Rao et al 2008). The Smartphone users have been on the increased, and it is believed that they are soon going to overtake feature phone user. Such a situation is likely to contribute to the success of the new product launch. The company is likely to face a difficulty in adhering to strict regulations regarding hygiene and safety standards in the country. It will have to spend a substantial amount of money to ensure that they limit the usage of toxic contents, recycling and energy usage. In addition, the country has high tax rate levels which are likely to reduce the profits of the company (Ligaya, 2014). The strategies adopted by BlackBerry Ltd. in the launch of its Passport Smartphone in Toronto have positioned it well to tackle both the internal and external factors on the horizon. First, the company has a target a geographical location where it has strong brand recognition. This is likely to help it attract more customers considering that it is moving out of restructuring phase. Secondly, the company is also planning to introduce Classic so as to be able to appeal to masses in order

Magic of Language in the Starbucks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Magic of Language in the Starbucks - Essay Example The iconic cultural status quo of the Starbucks manifests through its modern dà ©cor, expressive and bold latte lingo and its corporate ambiance. Global structures of the mutual divergence organize and uphold cultural diversity along particular scopes. Such diversity that Starbucks emanates corresponds to the prototypical qualities of middle-level outlets. Such middle-level outlets such as the taverns, coffee shops, and pubs exist in the middle of two spheres. These spheres include the work scenario mainly characterized by seriousness and formality and the domestic sphere that tends to elicit intimacy and privacy. These outlets tend to be best suitable for casual and informal conversations between friends and other association within the society. However, Starbucks provides the entire middle-level ambiance with a touch of the global aspect. Starbucks offers hundreds of conceivable drink blends. One can get any drink from a plain black coffee to more specialized and custom-made bever ages, for instance, a hot grande decaf mocha latte with foam to go. Starbucks believes that its consumers need. Despite being a global brand, the formal language in all the Starbucks outlets is English. Above the sugars, cinnamon shakers and milk, brochures written in English elaborate on social responsibilities done. A drink at the Starbucks sends various notions to the consumers and the community at large. Owing to the prices of beverages provide, more individuals tend to believe that consumption supersedes the necessity of making savings.

Critical Appraisal Of A Research Paper Nursing Essay

Critical Appraisal Of A Research Paper Nursing Essay Research is the key contributor of professional development in many professions, particularly healthcare. It allows practitioners to inform, adjust and monitor particular ways of practice or issues. The ability to evaluate research evidence appropriately is essential to avoid the assumption that all published research is of equal merit and validity. In order to critically appraise the article, Clinical handover in the trauma setting: a qualitative study of paramedics and trauma team members (Evans, Murray, Patrick, Fitzgerald, Smith Cameron, 2010), the ten point CASP (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme, 2006) framework is used. Current literature will be utilised to guide the discussion and reflection in order to conclude the overall strength of this article. The studys aims are concisely stated and numbered clearly. This is of importance in research keeping the main focus well established and succinct, allowing readers to easily understand the objectives (Collins, 2010; Gerrish Lacey, 2010; Stommel Wills, 2004). and reduce the chance of inter-researcher confusion. The authors discussed their reasons for focussing on clinical handovers, highlighting that communication difficulties can lead to serious, even fatal mistakes. A previous study is used to confirm the severity of this problem. Khan (2008) illustrates the benefits of using previous studies in ones background enforce the discussion of why the research is relevant. The researchers discuss the MIST (Mechanism-Injuries-Signs-Treatment) template used in the military, pointing out that little is known about its effectiveness in more general settings. Other ways of improving communication are discussed, such as radio pre-alerts and the use of electronic tablets, noting that as yet eff ectiveness is unproven, supporting the value of this new research. The researchers have not disclosed reasons for choosing qualitative methodology; however, it is appropriate to their aims. They intended to obtain and illuminate personal views and subjective experiences of using the MIST template during handover, in turn modifying the template in response to recurring findings. The stated aim of understanding issues affecting handover efficiency can be best researched via the qualitative method in order to gain participants interpretations of the other professionals involved and to enlighten the interactions between these groups (Block, 2006). The gathering of opinions on data transmission methods and data display within the emergency department (ED) provides a more in-depth understanding of how errors occur and furthermore, how this problem could be improved (Bowling Ebrahim, 2005). The research design used in this study is grounded theory. This specifically enables a new theory to arise from data in order to explain social phenomenon and human behaviour (Chears, 2009; Williams, 2012). It could be argued that the researchers are not developing a new theory in relation to the improvement of the minimum dataset as they merely adapt the MIST template (an already established theory), whereas typically, grounded theory forms a theory from original data collected during a study, not by testing a theory from previous literature in the field (Giles, 2002). In contrast, Henandez (2011) recommends using datasets from previous research in order to collate secondary and primary research, allowing the combination of ideas to form a theory. Furthermore, the findings seem to show that grounded theory has been used within attributes of an affective and ineffective handover: A set of ideas designed to explain what constitutes handover quality has been developed. An example: 11 o ut of the 17 participants expressed that a poor handover includes extraneous information and interruptions. The researchers developed this as a theory to explain why poor handovers may occur. They have described their use of grounded theory but not clarified why they have used this method or with what aims they wished to develop new theories. In relation to the recruitment strategy, Daymon Holloway (2011) illuminate the importance of disclosing the setting, timeframe and people involved in research in order to clarify the boundaries of the study. Here, details of inclusion of participants are thorough and well recorded, including geographical locations, timeframes and demographics. Table 1 shows all participants had a mean of 5 years post-graduate experience, indicating that those with considerable experience were selected. The researchers used purposive sampling method to find a representative group (participants with experience of transporting trauma patients to a trauma service) and used convenience sampling within this representative group to ensure all participants could contribute to the data (Monsen Horn, 2008). Purposive sampling is highly targeted and forms a specific group, resulting in this method being subject to bias, however, if the researchers are aiming to investigate a phenomenon relating to specific gr oups of people (e.g. paramedics and trauma team members), then purposive sampling is appropriate to warrant the correct target group is selected (Newell Burnard, 2011). In addition, the researchers have explained how they have selected a representative trauma team sample; by involving individuals from different specialty groups involved in management of trauma patients (e.g. burns, anaesthetics). There is no record of anyone who chose not to take part. Data collected via semi-structured interviews was an appropriate way to address the research aims, but there are flaws. Researchers needed to record the subjective experiences of this group of professionals in order to determine the key factors causing communication errors. However, information such as the location of interviews is not stated. Japec (2008) points out how the social context of interviews can affect responses. We do not know whether interviews were carried out in a controlled environment (i.e. in the same room, similar time of day and without disturbances). Moreover, the researchers have not disclosed the reasons why the interview method was chosen. Moniff and Whitehead (2010) and Blaikie (2010) illustrate the importance of including this information, to allow the reader to see the relevance of chosen data collection techniques. Furthermore, there is no description of how the data was recorded; a vital element in research to increase confirmability and replicability (G errish Lacey 2010). The form of data cannot be distinguished through the software used (NVIVO 8.0) as it can upload text, videos and tape recordings (Edhlund, 2007). The use of a minimum topic guide for interviews ensures that similar data is collected from participants and eliminates the sequence of questions being different (Holloway Wheeler, 2010). However, the researchers were ambiguous when discussing their use of the topic guide in the study design. They state it was used when interviewing the trauma team speciality groups about the minimum dataset for handover, yet, do not clearly state whether it was used for questions on effective and ineffective handovers, data transmission or data display (even though these prompts appear in the topic guide). There is also no reference to use of the topic guide during interviewing paramedics (although paramedic specific questions are present on the guide leading to assumption that the guide was used). The interview method enhances data as it shows body language and non-verbal interactions (Gerrish Lacey, 2010). However, it can skew results: social desirability can lead to the participant answering a question so as to please the researcher or sound like a good practitioner (Rubin Babbie, 2010). In addition, the interviewer effect may occur (where interviewers subtly influence participants responses through wording of the questions or body language), especially as some researchers belonged to the professions being studied. In this research, the relationship between researchers and participants has not been sufficiently reflected upon. There has been no consideration of how reflexivity and experimenter bias may have influenced the choice of questions (e.g. the topic guide), the sample selection and location. With no comment on who developed the topic guide, we do not know if it was one researcher or a collaboration. This information is essential: if experimenter triangulation was utilised, this would decrease the chance of experimenter bias and reflexivity skewing the questions, increasing credibility of the research (Merrian, 2009). Researchers have not examined their role within sample recruitment either. One researcher is employed by Ambulance Victoria, and another by the Alfred Hospital Presumably personal backgrounds influenced the choice of these two institutions for sample collection, however, there is no personal reflexivity expressed to determine that they have considered their potential bias in this area. Reflexivity is critical in order to increase the rigor of the research; recognising how personal experiences, disposition and emotions can influence research choices allows researchers to compensate for this where possible, and understand the importance of documenting subjective issues (Kirby, Greaves Reid, 2006). In consideration of ethical issues, the researchers have not discussed how, or even if they briefed and debriefed the participants. Adequate briefing is essential do participants know exactly what to expect and are aware of their rights (Fowler, ONeill Helvert, 2011). Briefing also allows participants to give informed consent and avoids passive deception, whereby the researchers deceive participants by omission (Cottrell McKenzie, 2011). Debriefing is equally important, allowing participants to raise any issues experienced during the research (Jackson, 2011; Morrow, Boaz, Brearley Ross, 2012). An ethics committee has approved this research, meaning the emotional impacts on researchers and participants have been assessed and the safeguards and well-being of the participants have been evaluated (Holloway Wheeler, 2010). This implies that ethical considerations have adequately been taken into account, although more detail should have been provided. With respect to the data analysis, grounded theory is defined and clearly explained. In the abstract, thematic analysis was said to be used, but there is no reference to it in the data analysis section. There is, however a clear demonstration of its stages in the description of how the 3 nodes were developed through collecting reoccurring responses and developing them into codes and themes. Open coding has been used, which primarily allows codes and subsequently themes to emerge from the text alone; by using axial coding in addition, the researchers concepts and categories are implemented  whilst re-reading the text in order to check that categories truthfully represent responses and to examine how concepts are related, increasing credibility and validity (Babbie, 2012). However, researchers have not explained how they collaborated to determine what data to present, nor do they disclose any outliers or contradicting results. Reflexivity can affect this process as their subjective thoughts may influence their choices. The researchers have not considered this issue, resulting in reduced credibility (Brink, 2006). They refer to a general consensus when talking about the usability of MIST rather vague and ignoring differing responses. Nevertheless, sufficient data is presented to support the findings. Quotes are implemented to support the data and MIST is rewritten and displayed, including responses. The attribute box allows readers to distinguish differing views between professionals; adding credibility to the data transmission results. Finally, by assigning a third researcher, experimenter bias is reduced and to some degree helps the issue of reflexivity, as researchers past experiences will all differ, affecting how they may perceive participants ans wers, and subsequently code the text. Triangulation of researchers adds rigor to the research (Inoue, 2012). There is a relatively clear statement of findings in the research; data is affirmed under primary nodes developed by thematic analysis clearly and concisely and they are also logically discussed in the order of aims. Hinshaw (2011) emphasises the importance of clearly presented results to allow the reader easy access to the main outcomes and suggested action points. Specific quotes arising from the interviews to corroborate and increase dependability of the results (Streubert Carpenter, 2011). Discussions are made for and against the researchers suggestions. Supporting discussions include the concept of time out in theatres where team members pause and complete a checklist to ensure safety (this current practice boasts reduction in surgical error), reinforcing the results where paramedics state an effective handover is one where the receiving body stop and exercise listening skills. An example where researchers challenge their findings is the reference to a study, concluding informa tion recall of just 36% even when paramedics were provided with handover training. Using evidence to challenge their research demonstrates that the researchers are not prejudiced in favour of their own results and that they recognise the need to consider additional barriers (Brink, 2006). However, the researchers have not discussed the credibility of their findings; they have employed researcher triangulation to reduce intrinsic biases, but have not mentioned how this improves credibility and rigor in the discussion. There is no comment about respondent validation, raising the question whether this was carried out. It is a of checking the truthfulness of research, by giving participants the findings to comment on if there is any misinterpretation: an effective way of reducing researcher bias (Pope Mays, 2006). The value of this research is limited: the researchers acknowledge their results form a basis for development and recognise that trails and further research must be carried out. Findings are discussed in light of current practice, recognising that the MIST tool needs to be trialled further. Researchers also acknowledge that training will have to be developed for paramedics (as with any new proposed method in ambulance services). It is stated that noise barriers need to be evaluated, however, no new areas of research are proposed. Researchers have not discussed whether their research can be transferred to other populations. They have briefly discussed generalizability, stating the research should be generalised to other hospitals with caution as the data was collected in a busy referral hospital. They also recognise that selecting paramedics with experience in trauma settings can lead to decreased generalizability, as paramedics with less trauma experience may have differing views. In conclusion, this research boasts excellent presentation and structure comprising strong background and aims. Utilising qualitative methodology enabled researchers to gain subjective experiences and views from healthcare professionals to provide a deeper understanding of how communication errors occur during handover and propose a multifactorial strategy for improvement. It could be argued that the researchers are not developing a new theory, therefore not utilising grounded theory correctly, however, there is ample literature disputing this, stating that it is acceptable to build on existing theory in order to develop a new one. The research has been carried out in the light of the original aims throughout and the results are clearly presented, with additional quotes to enforce points. However, there is minimal consideration of potential biases and the effect of reflexivity, reducing credibility. Furthermore, many methods have not been justified (research method, use of grounded t heory, data collection and data presentation) leading to overall low rigor and credibility. Finally, it is recognised that this research will not change future practice without further research and trailing. Nevertheless, the original data collected here and strategies for improvement presented make this research a valuable contribution to the field. (182) =2199 References Babbie, E. (2012). The practice of social research. (13th ed.). Wadsworth: Cengage Learning. Blaikie, N. (2010). Designing social research. (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Polity Press. Block, D. (2006). Healthcare outcomes management: strategies for planning and evaluation. London: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Bowling, A. Ebrahim, S. (2005). Handbook of health research methods: investigation, measurement and analysis. Berkshire: Open University Press. Brink, H. (2006). Fundamentals for research methodology for health care professionals. (2nd ed). Cape Town: Juta Co. Chears, V. (2009). Taking a strand for others: a grounded theory. USA: ProQuest LLC. Collins, H. (2010). 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